Electromagnetic Radiation Gun

Nelson A. Feliciano Gonzalez

In the 1960’s, the United States Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) studied how low energy microwaves affected the health for weapons purpose. They looked that these kinds of weapons were able to damage the heart, brain, and produce hallucinations. Later in the Gulf War the U.S. military used electromagnetic weapons and high power microwaves to interrupt and destroy electronic devices. This weapons use a directed energy, electromagnetic radiation, to produce heat, mechanical or electrical damage. 

What is electromagnetic radiation? It is a form of electromagnetic field, a field produced by a moving charge but this one aside from others is called far field because this electromagnetic field is behind the pass of the particle that produce it. Though this electromagnetic fields make up electromagnetic waves like microwaves, gamma rays, and visible light. The energy produced by an electromagnetic radiation is called radiation energy. Electromagnetic radiation is produced when two or more charged particles are accelerated by external force acting on them. Electromagnetic radiation is divided in microwaves, infrared radiation X-rays, radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, and many others. An electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its frequency, and wavelength. A high energy radiation has a high frequency and a shorter wavelength. In the other hand, a low energy radiation has a low frequency and a longer wavelength. All this can be demonstrated through the use of simple mathematical equations which are: 

E=  ((h x c))/λ        E=h x f   

where h is the Planck’s constant and c is the speed of light. Combining both of them we get the equation  f=c/λ , which shows that they are inversely proportional. Different frequencies and wavelengths affect different kind of electric signals from electronic devices, like radars and radios, to living organism organs, like the brain and heart. High-energy radio frequency weapons damage or altered electronics. High and low power, pulsed microwaves weapons use low frequency microwave radiation is similar to the human brain waves. These weapons should be able to damage or manipulate those signals used by the brain to control the organs causing a dizziness, pain, respiratory problems, nausea, diarrhea, and mental confusion. These damages are caused like said by an electromagnetic radiation but more specifically by the electromagnetic pulse which last for 10 picoseconds. Depending the frequency of the radiation it can affect the epidermis (skin) or can cause the brain to release certain hormones or chemicals that could make give humans the symptoms of a flu, but this symptoms will dissipate when the radiation stop. 

Now on days the use of electromagnetic weapons is not restricted to only military purposes. There are devices like the Pulse Wave Myotron, which is sold as a personal defense article, was mainly made for the FBI but now it is accessible to anyone. The Myotron after it comes in contact with the victim it emits an electromagnetic radiation pulse through the body that affects the voluntary muscles, incapacitating them. Muscles that are of involuntary movement are not affected. This effect passes approximately after 30 minutes, when the muscles are repolarized. The U.S. Navy had developed a rail gun which can fire a projectile at Mach 8, 8 times faster than the speed of sound, and can cover a 100 mile range. This rail gun works by putting a bullet or shell that conducts electricity between two metal plates, then a huge electric current pass through the plates, and generates a magnetic field that accelerates the shell or bullet to approximately 5,637 mph. The shell leaves the barrel with a force of 33 mega joules establishing a world record in muzzle energy. It is needless to say that a new array of weapons are being developed whatever are their purposes, if lethal or non-lethal, to attack or defend.

References:

U.S. Senate - Committee on Veterans Affairs: Hearings - Gulf War Illnesses; Testimony to the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee; Meryl Nass, MD, Director of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Mount Desert Island Hospital Bar Harbor, Maine; September 25, 2007

http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/s3.htm

http://www.emwatch.com/EMF%20Explanations.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OqlTXwLG40

Photoelectric effect

Grecia S. Laboy

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a metal when you affect it electromagnetic radiation (visible light or ultraviolet light, in general). Sometimes the term is included in other types of interaction between light and matter. The photoelectric effect was discovered and described by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, noting that the arc jumps between two electrodes connected to high voltage reaches greater distances when illuminated with ultraviolet light when left in the dark. The theoretical explanation was made by Albert Einstein, who in 1905 published the groundbreaking article "Heuristics for the generation and conversion of light", basing his formulation of the photoelectric work on an extension of the Max Planck quanta. Robert Andrews Millikan later spent ten years experimenting to prove Einstein's theory was wrong, to finally conclude that if the Photoelectric Effect era. The derive the equation that describes this effect in order to calculate Planck's constant and determine the work done to remove these electrons from the material. It was therefore necessary to turn on the mercury lamp and choose the lines of greater intensity. Thus, we analyze how much voltage was needed to remove electrons in different rays of light. Thus, we find the relation proposed by Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect (electron kinetic energy gives a straight line by changing the frequency of light). The slope of this is needed to calculate Planck's constant by several equations, because this is equal to the ratio of the electron charge, h (m = h / e). The product of the potential work load is (by definition of potential V = W / e). Assuming the value of the intercept will tell us the amount of work necessary to remove these electrons from the material provided. This tells us that the intercept of the equation it means is the potential to cut or braking. This cutting potential is independent of radiation intensity (I), but depends on its frequency. To derive the equation describing the photoelectric effect which is E_K=ν*h-W where the frequency of light radiation, h is Planck's constant and W is the work required to move an electron energy level. E_K is the kinetic energy of a photon emitted. We modify this equation dividing by the base load "and" and obtained a new equation: V=h/e ν-W/e

For each color there is a radiation frequency of light and a single voltage. During this experiment we measure the voltage with the team badge of each color and then create a graph of voltage vs. frequency. We relate the value of the slope of the graph with the slope of the equation "m = h / e" and cleared in order to find "h" Planck's constant experimental. Plank's constant is used to relate dimensions of mass or energy with dimensions of length or time. Because the focus of the experiment units are Planck's constant joules * seconds (Js). Using this graph and the equation above also relate the intercept value of the intercept found in the equation "b = W / e", the clear stand "W", work in units of joules (J).