Optic properties 

Juan Diego Figueroa

Materials acts different when we expose them to the radiation of light. In order to understand it we should go to the optic properties. These describe the behavior of materials when they are exposed to some kind of electromagnetic radiation. Because of this we can describe the energy of a photon as E=hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency. But how f is equal to f=c/ℷ here c is the light speed and ℷ is the wave length thanks to this we get that E=h c/ℷ. With these basic relations we could describe four basic properties for the interaction of material with light rays. These four properties are transmittance, reflection, absorption, and refraction. The transmittance is a phenomenon described by an incident light bean interacting with the surface of a material that crosses the material and then goes out from it. Specifically the ray that goes out is called the transmittance.  The reflection is the light ray that is returns to the same medium that was traveling without goes through the material. One characteristic of this ray is that is emitted from the surface at the same angle of the incident light ray with respect to a perpendicular line to the surface.  The absorption makes reference to the intensity with who the material remains or takes off from the light bean.  Also we have  the refraction is a phenomenon that has been study since 1600 when Willebrord Snel Van Royen discover it, now days we know it as the Snell Law of refraction. The mathematical model is v_1/V_2 =n_2/n_1 =sin⁡〖∅_1 〗/sin⁡〖∅_2 〗  where v1 and v2 represent the velocities of the light in his respective medium; n1 and n2 are the indexes of refraction for medium one and two and φ1 is the incident angle and φ2 is the refracting angle. This refraction is because the speed of the light is different in every medium, and as a medium we can infer some material.  

When a radiation of light interacts with atoms can happen two things, first is called as electric polarization. Electric polarization is the creation of electric dipoles by the separation if charges or the distortion of the nucleus. The other is electronic transitions, it makes reference to when an electron absorb energy from a photon and excite himself to a higher level of energy. From this we can also see reflected the Energy conservation Law, none energy disappear or is destroyed and also a model describe that very well I_0=I_T+I_A+I_R where I0 is the total intensity that carries the ray or the incident intensity and it divided in IT witch is the transmittance intensity, IA the absorbed intensity and IR is the reflected intensity. Why the intensity is related with the energy? This is a question that you may ask so here is the answer intensity is proportional to the power and inverse proportional to the area I=Power/Area and as well P=dE/dt where E represents the energy.

Red Bull Stratos Mission

Camille Li Morales 

Ordinary people interact with Physics in unimaginable occasions, whenever you turn on the light, use your reading glasses or even when you hear your MP3 player, but some people interact with Physics in a completely different level, for example when planning to break the speed of sound. The goal of “Red Bull Stratos Mission” scientists was to break the sound barrier by aiding Felix Baumgartner in a supersonic skydiving freefall from the stratosphere all the way down to the troposphere. 

In 2005 the company Red Bull and professional skydiver Felix Baumgartner decided to begin laying the groundwork for a stratospheric freefall that would expand all the existent records of human flight. During the period of seven long years they planned and executed this amazing mission. Felix started his training and learned everything about high altitude pressurized suits. This event is so mind blowing and important that David Clark Company agrees for the first time in history to produce a pressure suit for a non-governmental space program. These suits are a key piece of the mission because unprotected exposure to the stratosphere would be life threatening for any human, at that altitude the amount of breathable air molecules is very low.

The speed of sound is the distance travelled during a unit of time by a sound wave propagating through an elastic medium. In dry air at 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound is 343.2 meters per second (1,126 ft/s). This is approximately one mile in five seconds. The speed of an object (in distance per time) divided by the speed of sound in the fluid is called the Mach number. Objects moving at speeds greater than Mach1 are traveling at supersonic speeds. Breaking the speed of sound means reaching and surpassing the speed at which sound waves are produced in air. The records indicate that in October 14, 2012 in a time frame of 9:09 minutes, Felix traveled approximately at Mach1.24 with a speed of 833miles per hour or 372.38 meters per second from an estimated 128,100 feet. This makes Felix Baumgartner the first man to break the speed of sound in a freefall!!! Of the 9:09 minutes Felix traveled a total of 4:22 minutes in freefall without the parachute. 

This mission just proves the amazing depths of the human mind. It is incredible how complex and complicated this project was, that it took seven years of planning and training for a ten minute journey across the atmosphere. The scientists had to monitor every little aspect of the mission meticulously because it was never done before. There were many hazards that had to be supervised for example, the below freezing temperatures, too little oxygen to breathe, low air pressure, among others.  In addition to breaking world records this mission will provide new data for researchers around the world that will help astronauts, engineers, physicists, etc. create new safety procedures for upcoming space projects. Incredibly Felix Baumgartner is an ordinary citizen who loves skydiving!!!!!

Infrared Spectrometry

Meilyn E. Rivera Peña

As one of my mayor interest is chemistry, I have learned about multiples instruments and methods to measure. One of these methods is the infrared spectroscopy (IR) that has a wavelength range from 2,500 to 16,000 nm and a frequency range from 1.9*1013 to 1.2*1014 Hz. The IR spectroscopy has different techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. It can be used to identify and study chemicals, as with all spectroscopic techniques. During the World War II, it was used for the synthesis of synthetic rubber (used in the control of concentration and purity of the butadiene used in the synthesis of the polimer). The IR spectrum is divided in three regions: near, med and far IR, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The higher energy (near IR) is approximately 14000–4000 cm−1 (0.8–2.5 μm wavelength), the mid IR is approximately 4000–400 cm−1 (2.5–25 μm), and the far IR is approximately 400–10 cm−1 (25–1000 μm). Those three different regions are used to determine the harmonic vibrations, the rotational-vibrational structure and the rotational spectroscopy, respectively. The IR spectroscopy is about the rotation and vibration of the molecules, which means that the molecular movements of rotation and vibration have discrete energy levels. The frequency or wavelength of each mode of absorption is a function of the relative mass atoms, the force constant of the bonds and the geometry of the vibration. This makes possible assigning frequencies bending elongation characteristics and specific functional groups, and that while the vibrational frequency for a given link in a complex molecule are completely independent of the other links located near the range of variation is small. That this should be noted that only one peak is observed in the IR spectrum, extension or flexion, is accompanied by a change in the dipole moment. Likewise, the more polar a bond stranger the peak corresponds to the frequency of vibration. The most common application of IR spectroscopy in organic chemistry is qualitative and resides in the qualitative identification of certain functional groups in a molecule for characteristic bands that can be observed in certain regions of the spectrum. It is used in research and the industry like a simple and confident practice to realize measures, quality control and dynamic measures. Some machines of this spectrum show automatically which the substance measured by a lot of reference spectrum is saved. By measuring at a specific frequency over time, it can measure changes in the nature of amount of a particular link. This is particularly useful for measuring the degree of polymerization in the manufacture of polymers. Modern machines research infrared measurements can be taken throughout the entire range of interest at a frequency of x32 per second. This can be accomplished while performing simultaneous measurements using other techniques. This makes the observation of chemical reactions and processes more quickly and accurately. The IR spectrum is related to the physics class because it is a combination of studies and theories by Hamilton, Born-Oppenheimer and other chemist and physicians. 

References:

http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm

http://ocw.um.es/ciencias/experimentacion-en-quimica-organica-avanzada/material-de-clase-1/eqoa-tema-1.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy 

Plasmons: A physics concept related to my chemistry investigation

Katherine Rivera 

Physicists say that physics is in everything and everywhere. In our lives we see and do things that are related or can be explained by physics all the time. Working in my new investigation I realized that I found in my project a concept completely related to physics. I decided to research more about it because I was curious about how a physical concept was related to my investigation in chemistry.  It was necessary to research more on this topic because it is fundamental factor to establish my investigation conclusions. 

The existence of surface plasmons was predicted by Rufus Ritchie in 1957. In the following two decades, surface plasmons were extensively studied by many scientists. Superficial plasmons are contained by all metallic surfaces. An explanation of plasmos can be that there are waves of “superficial light”, more complicated than normal light waves because they involve the free electrons on the metal surface.  One of the most promising development areas of Superficial Plasmon is as molecular sensors. The objective is to detect the presence of molecules and their properties. To do so, Raman spectroscopy is used to do an analysis. We can say that each Raman Spectra is like the molecule’s fingerprint. When the light, with same wavelength of the plasmon, hits on the metal particle it produces a resonant effect associated to an increase on the intensity of the electromagnetic field of the metallic particle. In normal conditions, detecting molecules by Raman requires the presence of a trillion of molecules.  Thirty years before, it was discovered, that when the molecules are absorbed on the metal surface (silver or gold), the Raman signal increases by a magnitude of 10 to 15. The reason of this increment is the excitation produced by incident light of the superficial plasmons. This excitation makes the electric field of the molecule much larger.  I use the surface enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) technique. It is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces. The increase in intensity of the Raman signal for adsorbates on particular surfaces occurs because of an enhancement in the electric field provided by the surface. When the incident light in the experiment strikes the surface, localized surface plasmons are excited.  Basically Plasmons give an induced electric field produced by an external electric field, in this case the laser of the Raman. The purpose is to create a sensor that detects pathogens on environmental matrixes. Incrementing the signal with SERS will be very helpful. Plasmons are very helpful for me in my investigation because I depend on them to obtain a good Raman Spectra.  

It is very interesting that in everything you do you can find concepts related to physics.  All students should be autodidact and research everything about nature that they find interesting. By doing this we will have a broader knowledge of our environment, a bigger picture. It is important to not only stay with what we learn in class. We should never be satisfied of what we know.

Magnetism and Electricity

Javier A. Laboy Jusino

The theme I chose to develop through this essay has a relation with the concepts: electrical field and magnetic field. The electrical field is a property of the space bordering an object charged with an originated force over other objects. The magnetic field is the one with space around the magnet where magnetic strength can be detected. I also identified differences between both concepts.

There is an interrelation between magnetic and electric fields. This relation is called electromagnetism. The magnetic field, the space around a magnet where magnetic forces can be detected, is the region that influences around a permanent magnet or is associated to a variable magnetic field, including the product of the electric charges. The electric field, property of space around a charged object that originates a force over other charged objects. One magnetic field runs from the north pole of a magnet to the south pole of the magnet. The positive charged magnets repel other positive charged magnets and negative charges repel other negatives, while opposites attract. Each magnet is bordered around by a magnetic field. The intensity is defined by the potential force and distance of the magnet. When the distance is farther it will have weaker force intensity.

Most atoms with an excess amount of electrons moving around in the same direction are magnetic. This magnetism looks to be an inherent property of the material that could be due to the excess of electrons which spin is the same that its own individual atoms. The atomic magnets line up their magnetic effects in the same direction to produce magnetic dominance. Each magnetic field borders one electric current. While the electrical charges in rest have only an electrical field, the electrical charges in movement have also a magnetic field. The magnetic field exists while the current flows because the direction of the field depends on the electrical field flow and its intensity. The construction and function of an electromagnet is very important application of this concept. In an electromagnet the intensity varies by turning on or off, or by inverting the magnetic polarity. Lines of the magnetic field always form closed circuits. When a current flows through a wire it generates a magnetic camp field around that wire. When that wire is bent in a shape of a circle the current also passes through a magnetic flux, similar to a permanent magnet. When a magnetic field is put on the wire it experiences a force. The function of a galvanometer, a device used to measure small electrical currents and the base to the voltmeters and ammeters, is based on this principle. The intensity of a magnetic field is called magnetism induction. The unit for the magnetism induction is the telsa (newton/amp). An electrical motor consists of a coil placed in a magnetic field. When a current flows through the coil, it will spin thanks to the interaction between its exterior magnetic fields.

The electrical potential is the required work to move a unit of charge through an electric field. Differences between electrical potential is measured in volts. In both magnetic and electrical potential it’s defined the potential energy. The gravitational field is universal. The electric field only defines for bodies with electrical charges. The gravitational forces are always attractors. The electrical forces can attract and/or repel. The electrical field is conservatory. The magnetic camp field can be isolated by positive electrical charges. Charges in rest only can originate electrical fields in movement. The charges in movement originate electric magnetic fields. Both are inversely proportional to the square of the distance, but the electrical field is radial and magnetism is perpendicular.

In conclusion, an isolated charge generates an electrical field, while a magnetic field is generated by the flux of charges and/or electric charges through a conductor. In the actual time it is believed that the magnetic phenomenon proceeds by the originated forces in-between electrical charges in movement. We can deduce, by the actual knowledge of the matter, that the electrical charge of a body should be necessarily a multiple of the charge of the electron or proton which are similar or equal, but of different electrical charge (positive or negative). This essay was very instructive and expanded my knowledge about both concepts in a professional study view.

Bibliography

Becker, J. F. "Magnetic Field." 2009. San Jose State University. 03 11 2012. .

Brandwien, Paul F, Robert Stollberg and R. Will Burnett. Fisica: La energia, sus Formas y sus Cambios. Mexico: Publicaciones Culturales, S.A., 1987.

Fitzpatrick, Richard. "The magnetic vector potential." 2 February 2006. Texas farside. 6 November 2012. .

Murphy, James T, Paul W Zitzewitz and James Max Hollon. Fisica: Una ciencia para todos. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company, 1989.

Electricity, the foundation of Computing

David Bartolomei

Daily, we are in contact with more than twenty electronic devices and we take most of them as granted. From our nervous system, threw thunderstorms, electricity is on everything that has electrons that can be move by move between two points. The funny part is that without the discovery of new techniques and properties of how to manipulate and control electricity our lifestyle would be very different. 

We study many electric circuits, their components and interactions but the main invention related to computing is the transistor. The transistor is the primary building block of electronic devices. It is a semiconductor device that is used to amplify and switch electronic signals. To be able to control electronic system, the binary mathematical language was develop. It main purpose is to represent the presence and absence of current in a circuit. In binary system consist of only two numbers 1 as HIGH and 0 as LOW. 

In digital circuits are many electronic components that are able to handle these signals and are built using transistors. To have a basic idea of how digital system works, I would like to introduce three basic logic gates or components.

AND			OR			NOT
IN-A	IN-B	OUT	IN-A	IN-B	OUT	IN	OUT
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1	0	1
1	1	1	1	1	1

The logic behind these gates is very simple. In the AND gate, if one of the inputs is LOW the output will be LOW, because it need both inputs to be HIGH to output a HIGH value. The OR gate is different, because with only one input at HIGH, the output will be HIGH. The NOT gate, is just that, the output is the opposite of the input.

By combining a few of these components you can develop all algebraic functions (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication) but actually, everything is handle by the addition function. Sadly, this topic is so vast that is out of the scope of this writing. But the point that I’m trying to make is that, with the basic concept of presence and absence of electric current, I’m able to write this text in front of a screen rather than in a piece of paper. 

Embedded systems are usually a circuit that receives a limited amount of inputs and produce an output. A good example is a soda-can production line. IF a pressure sensor detects that the empty can is on top of it, it activates the mechanism to fill in the soda, IF NOT, It will not open. The sensor produces a signal that an embedded circuit will react according to it.

A computer, in the other hand, is a combine system of microcontrollers. It is a programmatic system that allows the user to specify with task to execute and how it will react to any input.  The essence of a computing system is performing arithmetic iterations really, really fast. This is the base of everything from Facebook, to Microsoft Word, cellphones, gaming consoles and TVs. 

Every year, transistors are becoming smaller and smaller, and you can fill in more in a processing unit closer together, but there is a limit on that and is called the Moore’s Law that establish a limit in with interference will occur between transistors because they will be so close that electrons will jump and get out of route.

So we are good now, what is next? What will do things even smaller? 

The answer is Quantum Computing. A field that comes from Quantum Mechanics an obscure field of physics combines with chemistry. I barely understand the concept so I will like to introduce you to my definition:

Quantum Computing a concept based on the electron spins in the different orbitals of an atom and how you can manipulate them to produce multi-states signals that will revolutionize how we know computing and will solve many now-unsolved problems. 

With electricity we have conquer the skies and now starting with other planets, develop a world-wide communication network, well, computing is everywhere but at the end electricity is what actually “power” everything in our world, even our brains.

Black Holes

Rawin Berrocales Rivera 

Black holes where once just a phenomenon of science fiction movies and human imagination. The idea of the existence of a black hole came from Einstein’s theory of gravity and Einstein’s theory of relativity and caused many controversies years after with scientists trying to prove their existence. Today, scientists cannot directly see a black hole but they can see the unmistakable effects that the presence of a black hole causes. 

A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so hard that even light cannot escape it. At the edge of a black hole it is said that time appears to slow to a halt and, if it is spinning, space will be twisted therefore carrying any nearby objects around with it. The edge of a black hole is called an event horizon and it marks the point of no return. Once an object is in the event horizon, no outside observer will be able to see if an event where to occur here, and no object that enters it comes out.  

Because a black hole sucks in even light, scientists cannot directly see it but through the use of telescopes they are able to monitor the behavior of objects close to where a black hole is suspected to be. Objects close to a black hole are spiraling into it, heating up to reach millions of degrees where they will glow in X-ray light before being sucked in it. This X-ray light can be seen by an X-ray space telescope and is used to determine the presence of a black hole. Examples of objects that are closely monitored are stars. The rapid movement of a swarm of stars is used as an indicator of the presence of a black hole. Another indicator used to determine the presence of a black hole is a jet of matter. Although it is unknown how black holes create these jets, they are the only known sources powerful enough to cause jets of matter.

All of this is very interesting, but what causes such a powerful celestial body to form? Squeezing an object’s mass into a very tiny volume forms a black hole. Although the object is being forced to collapse in on itself until it’s size is basically nothing, the object continues to have the same mass and gravitational force but in the form of a distorting in space in time, according to Einstein’s theories. In theory, any object can turn into a black hole, but in reality, stars are the only objects that can form a black hole by itself. At the end of a life cycle of any star, the star will collapse and explode. Depending on the mass of the star depends what it will end up as. If the star was massive enough, it will collapse to form a black hole. 

Scientists have been able to make a lot of progress in understanding black holes but there is still a lot to explore. We still don’t know what happens inside an event horizon, much less what happens inside a black hole per say. Some scientists think that inside a black hole time and space switch places and that time is destroyed at the center of the hole, but there is no evidence to support such speculations. Hopefully, in the future, the new generation of scientists is able to answer the questions of where do objects that are sucked into a black hole go, or what happens to them once they reach the center.  

Experiment Faraday's Law: Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law

Rafael Couto Sanchez

This is based on one of the laboratories that I like, and this will be more than telling some kind of report essay that I base this work.

According to the laws of magnetism, the flow of current passes through a solenoid generating electric field. Faraday's law states that the greater the flow or change of magnetic field, the greater the electromagnetic frequency is sensed by the solenoid. In the experiment of Faraday's Law is observed how the voltage versus time is behaved when changing the magnet in a coil so as  the phenomenon can be described in the experiment. It was observed that the voltage increased to make the north pole of the magnet coil and the voltage decreased by putting the north pole of magnet in the coil. That removing the magnet faster rate of change increased the magnetic field and by slowing the rate of change of the magnetic field also decreased. I can say that the magnetic field is always looking to create unrest continued and it generates magnetic fields that are contrary to the disturbance occurred.

As is understood, according to the laws of magnetism, the flow of current pass through a solenoid that generates an electric field, a long wire coil with many loops is called solenoid. Therefore, we refer to the solenoid wire cup to be used in the experiment. The magnetic field lines enter and exit through the opposite poles. These relate to the pole top and bottom of the solenoid. The magnetic field lines leave the North Pole N of the solenoid and the field lines are represented by a dot (∙) and current flows counterclockwise. By contrast, output from the South Pole S and are represented by (X) and in this case the current flows clockwise. This experiment aims to generate a voltage based on the magnetic field, as is usually done the opposite. For there to the voltage generated or induced, there needs to be magnetic field flux. This flow is defined asᶲ_B=(B^→ )∙(A^→ )=BA〖cosθ〗_AB, where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field; A is the area of the coil and θ_AB  is the angle of vector field magnetic with respect to a horizontal line (normal).

The study of this practice is known as Faraday's Law, in honor of who discovered it. Faraday quantitatively investigated factors that influence the induced magnetic field. The law tells us that the greater flow of the magnetic field changes, the more often felt by electromagnetic solenoid. Therefore it is concluded that the induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Also, note that if the magnetic field travels for clockwise (out by the S pole), the measured voltage value is positive, the opposite (N pole) will be negative.

Next, we have the law of Lenz law says that when a magnetic field flow, the coil generates a current that opposes the flow due to the induced voltage polarity. Lenz's Law defines asV=-〖dϕ〗_B/dt, where is the derivative of the electric flux and dt is the time derivative.

It can give an analysis of what might have happened in this experiment, which could have produced graphs obtained by removing the magnetic field sensor from the solenoid. Where the function can be given in time where the voltage was induced by the movement of the magnet. It "investigate magnetic fields" will achieve how is the behavior of the magnetic field generated by a magnet coil and viewing ratio Faraday's Law, but that would be observed change in the voltage seen on the graph which would be explained by the Lenz's Law, which tells us that the coil is a change in magnetic flux produced by removing or putting the magnet in the coil.

According to my lab mates they observed that when he pulled the magnet coil, the curve of a graph of voltage vs. time came up with the area under the positive and negative magnetic change. This means that the coil increases the voltage in order to keep the flow constant magnetic coil. This is given to increasing the voltage which generates a current which is negative electric field which cancels the magnetic flux change produced by removing the positive magnet. When the magnet is placed on the coil below the curve is out towards positive magnetic flux. This is given by reducing the voltage that generates a current in the coil whose negative magnetic field produced by the magnet.

It was understood that the change of magnetic flux is the negative of the area under the curve described by my colleagues, but the increase in which the magnet is removed resulting in increase in the rate of change of the magnetic flux. It was also understood decreasing the speed at which the magnet is removed, resulting in decrease in the rate of change of magnetic flux. Of course to put the North Pole magnet in a coil generates a magnetic field in the coil south. And finally to make the north pole of a magnet coil generates a magnetic field in the coil north.

References

Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics: Principles and Application 6th edition, Person Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2005.

J.R. Lopez, P J. Marrero and E. A. Roura, Manual Fisica Experiments II: Electricity, Magnetism, Optics and Modern Physics, John Willy & Sons, United States, 2008.

Electromagnetism in modern society

Ignacio J. Gallegos

In today’s society, it is not uncommon to find people who do not know the basic concept of what electromagnetism or electromagnetic radiation really is. They have heard of magnets and know that their microwaves generate radiation but do not know the why or the how. Given this situation, it has become even scarcer to see people who have an awareness of exactly what role these forces play in their lives or the things they use. We have lost sight of the ‘why’ and replaced it with a natural acceptance that a particular object does a particular function and how it does it is unimportant.

If you were to ask a crane worker how the crane works, he will probably just tell you that the magnet attracts the parts used in the construction and holds them in place. However, if you asked him why it does it, he could not tell you and could probably careless. Indeed, if you were to ask what other applications such magnets have in the rest of his tools, he would probably scoff and tell you that it’s unimportant.

It is this loss of perception in what surrounds us that has led to a society indifferent to what happens behind their technological advancements. However, upon reading and investigating the applications of electromagnetism in our lives, I have found that it is perhaps one of the most important elements of modern society.

Without understanding electromagnetism, we could not have invented electrical generators to power our homes or our vehicles. It was an understanding of the theory of magnetic induction that led to the application of these tools in the everyday life, electrical currents being generated by shifting magnetic fields.

Our entertainment technology such as blu-rays and dvds are reliant on electromagnetism, for example. They use small low-power lasers to read the information stored on the discs and transmit that through the system into the output, thus allowing us to see this information in the form of data or video images. We also use microwaves to cook our food, which use electromagnetic radiation to energize the water molecules in food and heat them up. Not to mention infrared ovens used in modern restaurants to cook food quickly and efficiently.

It would also be impossible to have the entire field of investigation that is known as ‘bioelectromagnetics’ which focuses on the application of electromagnetic radiation into the medical treatment. The results of which can be observed in the now commonly used machine, the ‘MRI’, which is used to detect illnesses and conditions within the human body. Similar to it as well is the X-Ray, which uses focus and ionized electromagnetic radiation to also allow us to see through things. The use of this machine is now widely spread not only in the medical community but also in security uses such as airports, as it allows authorities to detect harmful substances and objects inside bags and cases.

Even outside of the medical communities, the applications of electromagnetism can be seen as in the example earlier. It is used in the form of magnets to facilitate the carrying of heavy materials in constructions and even menial things such as holding a paper against a refrigerator door using a household magnet.

Electromagnetism is even applied to transportation means as of recent years; an example of this is the MagLev train technology. MagLev stands for Magnetic Levitation which is the method that the trains use to move, being sustained and propelled with the use of magnets rather than relying on wheels and friction.

This is not all just limited to civilian use, however, as countries try to adapt electromagnetic equipment for use in military situations to minimize costs and maximize the efficiency of their equipment and weapons. Even in the science community, electromagnetism-based technology has always been a staple of research equipment. It has given the scientific community tools in the form of everything from basic sensors to the kilometer-long Hadron collider.

Thus, it is possible to say that, even if just in small ways, electromagnetism and its applications in all manners have shaped modern society. It has made contributions large and small to our lives, in ways many do not understand. Precisely because of this, we can say that it is one of the most important discoveries of human history.